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Corel Medical Series: Cancer
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00092_Field_SRC.c04.A.9.txt
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1997-01-28
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Physical Examination
• There are few findings for early disease other than a bladder or pelvic mass discovered by digital rectal
examination.
• With more advanced disease, there may be enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, abdomen or neck, a mass in the
lower abdomen or an enlarged liver.
• Feeling the bladder with both hands while the patient is under anesthesia to determine the depth and extent of
tumor penetration.
Blood and Other Tests
• Urinalysis for blood in the urine (hematuria).
• Complete blood count (CBC) to evaluate anemia .
• Chemistry profile to evaluate kidney, liver and bone abnormalities.
• Vigorous washing of the bladder for examination of the cells (cytology, or PAP) and flow cytometry.
• Flow cytometry—which can measure the number of chromosomes in tumor cells—can help evaluate the
effectiveness of therapy and tumor aggressiveness more accurately.
Cells having more chromosomes than the usual number of two are called nondiploid or aneuploid cells and
have a worse prognosis . The disappearance of tumor cells after anticancer drugs are placed inside the bladder is
associated with a prolonged complete response.